In 1806 Sad assassinated Badr and became virtual sole ruler, though Salm, a nonentity, had titular status until his death in 1821. Outline reasons why Northern Kenya is experiencing food scarcity today. 7 Sayyid Sir Hamoud bin Mohammed Al-Said 27 August 1896 18 July 1902 Issued the final decree abolishing slavery from Zanzibar on 6 April 1897. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The economy collapsed, and many Omani families migrated to Zanzibar. The prospect of holding this chokepoint attracted the Portuguese Empire, whose military captured much of the area around Muscat in 1507. The leader of the revolt, Ahmad ibn Said al Said, was elected sultan of Muscat upon the expulsion of the Iranians. Oman and Zanzibar are separated by 2,400 of the Indian Ocean. Corrections? Rather, by the Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom,[28] the UK ended the Protectorate and made provision for full-self government in Zanzibar as an independent country within the Commonwealth. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Austin Bodetti is a Morocco-based writer specializing in the Greater Middle East and North Africa region. [3] It also contained significant minorities in the 50,000 Arabs and 20,000 South Asians who were prominent in business and trade. Identify political factors which causes conflict in Kenya. <> He has interviewed militants from al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and the Taliban, reported from Iraq and South Sudan, and written for USA Today, Vice, and Wired. This meant that Stone Town, for a time, served as . Briefly explain any six positive impacts of the 200 years Portuguese rule on the East African Coast. 8 Sayyid Ali bin Hamud Al-Busaid 20 July 1902 9 December 1911 The British First Minister, Mr A. Rogers, served as regent until Ali reached the age of 21 on 7 June 1905. Thuwaini became the Sultan of Muscat and Oman while Majid became the first Sultan of Zanzibar, but obliged to pay an annual tribute to the Omani court in Muscat. [20]:762[25][26] In summary, the "Colony of Kenya" referred to the interior lands. 2 0 obj It administered about 240km (150mi) of coastline stretching from the River Jubba via Mombasa to German East Africa which were leased from the Sultan. Lots of Omanis traveled to settle in Zanzibar. In 1832[6] or 1840,[7] Omani ruler Said bin Sultan moved his court from Muscat to Stone Town on the island of Unguja (that is, Zanzibar Island). His rule was jeopardized by the British, who interpreted his policy of bringing the interior tribes under the central government as a move against their established order. Oversaw the construction of harbor in Stone Town and tar roads in Pemba. Lieutenant Colonel J. Hayes Sadler was the first governor and commander in chief. In mid-1974, the Bahrain branch of the PFLOAG was established as a separate organisation and the Omani branch changed its name to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), while continuing the Dhofar Rebellion. On his death, his will freed them but not his plantation slaves. The Canning Award split Zanzibar from Oman, but the Arab descendants of Omani royalty continued to govern the island for decades. 6 Sayyid Khalid bin Barghash Al-Busaid 25 August 1896 27 August 1896 Was a belligerent in the Anglo-Zanzibar War, the shortest war in recorded history. The remaining 16km (10mi) wide coastal strip (with the exception of Witu) remained a Protectorate under an agreement with the Sultan of Zanzibar. For those in a hurry, they enable a quick summary of many important subjects. Even so, the centuries-long saga of this one-time regional power played a crucial role in the development of two civilizationsnot only Oman but also Zanzibar, an island off the eastern coast of Africa. 246. 3 Sayyid Sir Khalifa I bin Said Al-Busaid 26 March 1888 13 February 1890 Supported abolitionism, like his predecessor. In 1886, the British and Germans secretly met and discussed their aims of expansion in the African Great Lakes, with spheres of influence already agreed upon the year before, with the British to take what would become the East Africa Protectorate (now Kenya) and the Germans to take present-day Tanzania. However, from 1887 to 1892, all of these mainland possessions were lost to the colonial powers of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy, although some were not formally sold or ceded until the 20th century (Mogadishu to Italy in 1905 and Mombasa to Britain in 1963). Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth under the Sultan. From 1913 until independence in 1963, the British appointed their own residents (essentially governors). [5] The Sultanate's territories varied over time, and at their greatest extent spanned all of present-day Kenya[citation needed] and the Zanzibar Archipelago off the Swahili Coast. A month later, Zanzibars President, Hussein Ali Mwinyi, agreed to launch a museum at a former Omani palace in Stone Town to celebrate Oman and Zanzibars mutual cultural heritage. Turki ibn Said succeeded in defeating the forces of Imam Azzam, who was killed in battle outside Matrah in January 1871. The coastal towns led by Mombasa resisted Omans conquest due to the following reasons. The relationship between Britain and the nearest relevant colonial power, Germany, was formalized by the 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, in which Germany pledged not to interfere with British interests in insular Zanzibar. Give any five sources of information on the contacts between east Africa and the outside world up to the nineteenth century, State and explain the effects of the migration and settlement of the people of Kenya up to the nineteenth century, Briefly explain any three factors for migration of ethic communities in Kenya under each of the following of the following categories: Economic Social Political Environmental. This is the southern route out of Africa. In April 1964, the existence of this socialist republic was ended with its union with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which became known as Tanzania six months later. A notorious slave trader, plantation owner and governor, who worked for a succession of sultans of Zanzibar, he led many trading expeditions into east-central Africa, involving the slave trade and ivory trade. Oman's moderate, independent foreign policy has sought to maintain good relations with all Middle Eastern countries. Name any three Portuguese individuals who led expeditions to capture the east coast of Africa. Thuwaini bin Said al-Said ruled the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, and Majid bin Said served as Sultan of Zanzibar. These stone tools, some up to 125,000 years old, resemble those made by humans in Africa around the same period. Under an agreement reached on 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar relinquished sovereignty over his remaining territory on the mainland, and on 12 December 1963, Kenya officially obtained independence from the British. Give the reasons that the Oman ruler had for choosing Zanzibar. In late 1987 Oman opened an embassy in Aden, South Yemen, and appointed its first resident ambassador to the country. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya". The PFLO threat diminished further with the establishment of diplomatic relations in October 1983 between South Yemen and Oman, and South Yemen subsequently lessened propaganda and subversive activities against Oman. The British launched an attack on the palace and other locations around the city after which Khalid retreated and later went into exile. In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman, falling under the control of the Sultan of Oman. By 1719 dynastic succession led to the nomination of Saif ibn Sultan II. The Yarubid recaptured Muscat from the Portuguese in 1650 after a colonial presence on the northeastern coast of Oman dating to 1508. The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan agreed that simultaneously with independence for Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya. Check all that apply. 87, p.968. When Sultan Sa'id bin Sultan Al-Busaid died in 1856, his sons quarreled over the succession. They divided the coastline into two strips that were headed by captains. In about the year 1600, Nabhani rule was temporarily restored to Oman, although that lasted only to 1624, when fifth imamate, which is also known as the Yarubid Imamate. The Arabs established garrisons at Zanzibar, Pemba, and Kilwa. State functions of the speaker of the county assembly in Kenya. <> There was no false modesty in his remark, I am nothing but a merchant. Trade was his predominant interest. THE ESTABLISHMENT AND IMPACT OF OMANI RULE, The Omani Arabs (Imams of Omani) replaced the Portuguese as the rulers of the East African. Although a significant number of Hinawi tribes recognized him as imam, the public neither elected him nor acclaimed him as such. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Sad Imm, Sad Sayyid, Sad ibn Suln ibn Amad ibn Sad l B Sad. The end of Omans subjugation to Portugal came in 1650, when Omani tribes retook Muscat from Portuguese forces. [8] Zanzibar's commerce fell increasingly into the hands of traders from the Indian subcontinent, whom Said encouraged to settle on the island. In the 3rd century A.D, the Sassanids succeeded the Parthians and held the area until the rise of Islam four centuries later. a) The Omani wanted the revenue from the taxes levied on trade. He lived to make the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba the largest clove producers in the world. On April 6, 1861, Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate principalities. [20]:761[21] Also, in 1902, the East Africa Syndicate received a grant of 1,300km2 (500sqmi) to promote white settlement in the Highlands. There were occasional troubles with local tribes but the country was opened up by the colonial government with little bloodshed. As Britains colonial empire declined in the second half of the 20th century, Oman returned to its status as a sovereign state. Yet the intervention on behalf of an unpopular dynasty brought about a revolt. After his death in 1856, two of his sons, Majid bin Said and Thuwaini bin Said, struggled over the succession, so Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate realms. The Ottomans, who competed with their Portuguese adversaries for access to lucrative sea lanes, also made several forays into the area. One distinguishing feature of Ibadism is the choice of ruler by communal consensus and consent. However initially the imam, the ruler of the east coast of Africa, did not come to the east coast to enforce their rule due to civil wars in their home land and thus delegated the responsibility to local Arab families. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. At Sads accession Omani weakness made this allegiance little more than nominal, for at Mombasa the Mazari family had set up a virtually independent dynasty. Nonetheless, culture, history, and religion continue to bind the two. As early as the first century according to some sources, Arab traders had established contact with their counterparts in Zanzibar and across East Africa. On April 6, 1861, Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate principalities. Even as the Omani Empire expanded into East Africa and seized the critical South Asian port of Gwadar in 1783, Zanzibar retained pride of place. Al Said's extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world and has preserved a long-standing political and military relationship with the United Kingdom, the United States, and others. If he preferred peaceable settlements, Sad could show himself as ruthless as any Mamlk. Rev. According to the Guinness Book of World Records the resultant Anglo-Zanzibar War was the shortest war in history, and the same day Hamoud was able to assume the title of sultan, more indebted to the British than ever. HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated" "An agreement was then signed on 8 October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories composing the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper. Because they needed to control the Persian Gulf trade route, the Parthians established garrisons in Oman. Rev. Soon after, Oman began to establish its own colonial empirethis time at Portugals expense. The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the Colony of Kenya by virtue of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sultan dated 14 December 1895. 2343 & S.I. <>>> He died at sea in 1856 and was greatly mourned by his subjects. Born in 1791, Sad succeeded his father jointly with his brother Salm in 1804, but their cousin Badr immediately usurped the throne. Oman and Zanzibar themselves fell into the British sphere of influence within a matter of years, returning the Middle Eastern sultanate and its former African territory to the control of a European colonial empire. The Sultanate of Zanzibar (Swahili: Usultani wa Zanzibar, Arabic: , romanized:Sulanat Zanjbr), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate,[2] was a state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963. (12) 282 19 73 wew. The Middle East has hosted many of the worlds most storied cultures and empires. In antiquity, Ancient Egypt and Babylonia made some of humanitys longest-lasting advances, and the Sasanian Empire in Persia rivaled its Roman and Byzantine counterparts. With the signing of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty between the United Kingdom and the German Empire in 1890, Zanzibar itself became a British protectorate. Said II bin Sultan (second reign) 14 September 1806 19 October 1856 Sole Ruler & S.I. Thuwaini bin Said 19 October 1856 11 February 1866 Killed The publication presented a vivid picture of British and world events including news of war, disaster, ceremonies, the arts and science. He told a captain of the Royal Navy that to put down the slave trade with the Muslims, that is a stone too heavy for me to lift without some strong hand to help me. By a treaty of collaboration with Britain concluded in 1822, he agreed to forbid his subjects to sell slaves to the subjects of Christian powers. Discuss the factors that influenced the migration of plain nilotes and eventual settlement in Kenya. Which statements describe English and French exploration efforts during the mid-sixteenth century? By about 250 B.C, the Parthian dynasty brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman. [17], That "Zanzibar" for these purposes included the 16km (10mi) coastal strip of Kenya that would later become the Protectorate of Kenya was a matter recorded in the parliamentary debates at the time. The revolutionary government nationalized the local operations of the two foreign banks in Zanzibar, Standard Bank and National and Grindlays Bank. On 10 December 1963, Zanzibar received its independence from the United Kingdom as a constitutional monarchy under the Sultan. [20]:762[27] In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963. The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Seyyid Said (more fully, Sayyid Said bin Sultan al-Busaid), who in 1840 moved his capital from Muscat in Oman to Stone Town. The Yarubid dynasty expanded, acquiring former Portuguese colonies in East Africa - including Zanzibar - and engaging in the slave trade. Sumerians traded with Oman, and the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, controlled and/or influenced the Omani peninsula. The new rulers initially administered the region through some Arab families; The Mazrui (Mazaria) family which ruled Mombasa. As a regional commercial power in the 19th century, Oman held territories on the island of Zanzibar off the coast of East Africa, the area along the coast of East Africa known as Zanj including Mombasa and Dar es Salaam, and until 1958 in Gwadar (in present-day Pakistan) on the coast of the Arabian Sea. Answers (1). A struggle for succession took place as the Sultan's cousin Khalid bin Barghash seized power. The Sultanate of Zanzibar (Swahili: Usultani wa Zanzibar, Arabic: , romanized: Sulanat Zanjbr), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was a state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. [20]:761 After the First World War, more immigrants arrived from Britain and South Africa, and by 1919 the European population was estimated at 9,000 strong. The area was once a major trade point and the former capital of Oman. The Sultan of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the east African coast, known as Zanj, and trading routes extending much further across the continent, as far as Kindu on the Congo River. Helped abolish the slave trade in Zanzibar by signing an agreement with Britain in 1870, prohibiting slave trade in his kingdom, and closing the slave market in Mkunazini. The British gave Khalid an hour to vacate the Sultan's palace in Stone Town. 5 Sayyid Sir Hamad bin Thuwaini Al-Busaid 5 March 1893 25 August 1896. Sad ibn Suln, in full Sad ibn Suln ibn Amad ibn Sad l B Sad, also called Sad Imm or Sad Sayyid, (born 1791, Omandied Oct. 19, 1856, at sea), ruler of Muscat and Oman and of Zanzibar (180656), who made Zanzibar the principal power in East Africa and the commercial capital of the western Indian Ocean. [9][10] During his 14-year reign as Sultan, Majid consolidated his power around the local slave trade. The British "sphere of influence", agreed at the Berlin Conference of 1885, extended up the coast and inland across the future Kenya and after 1890 included Uganda as well. The same year the German East Africa Company acquired formal direct rule over the coastal area previously submitted to German protection. Salim II bin Thuwaini 11 February 1866 3 October 1868 Killed For much of Omans history, its strategic location served as a blessing and a curse. The relationship between Oman and Zanzibar culminated in 1840: that year, Omani Sultan Said bin Sultan changed the seat of government from Muscat to Stone Town, Omans most significant outpost on the East African island. Updates? But when the British declared slavery illegal in the mid-19th century, the sultanate's fortunes reversed. Despite Zanzibars historical ties to the Middle East, Omani rule had a particular effect on the territory. Many Arabs relocated to the island, introducing Zanzibar to Ibadism, the obscure strand of Islam to which a majority of Omanis subscribe. A notorious slave trader, plantation owner and governor, who worked for a succession of sultans of Zanzibar, he led many trading expeditions into east-central Africa, involving the slave trade and ivory trade. The insurgents were defeated in 1959 with British help. Most of the overseas possessions were seized by the United Kingdom and by 1850 Oman was an isolated and poor area of the world. The Iranians had occupied the coast beforeindeed the coast was often the possession of various empires. The sultan then terminated the Treaty of Seeb and eliminated the office of the imam. The conquest of the east coast of Africa by the Portuguese was led by several individuals who all conquered different towns and states. In an effort to curb the Dhofar insurgency, Sultan Qaboos expanded and re-equipped the armed forces and granted amnesty to all surrendering rebels while vigorously prosecuting the war in Dhofar. The House of Wonders in Stone Town was once the local residence of the Omani royal family. % He was a pious man of the Ibadhism-Islamic sect. Several thousand Arabs (5,000-12,000 Zanzibaris of Arabic descent) and Indians were killed, thousands more detained or expelled, their property either confiscated or destroyed. [31], Context for the Sultan's loss of control over his dominions, Establishment of the Zanzibar Protectorate, Establishment of the East Africa Protectorate, End of the Zanzibar Protectorate and deposition of the Sultan, East Africa Order in Council, 1902, S.R.O. He obtained direct military support from the UK, Iran, and Jordan. The first sultan of Zanzibar - Majid bin Said Al-Busaid. In August 1505, it became part of the Portuguese Empire when Captain John (Joo) Homere, part of Francisco de Almeida's fleet, captured the island. In a nod to the pairs scholarly collaboration during the time of the Omani Empire, the education ministers of Oman and Zanzibar met last November to discuss further cooperation. Their greatest allies were the Mijikenda who promised. help me with the iHuman case study of Caroline Casey 25 y/o 5' 6" (168 cm) 140.0 lb (63.6 kg) Reason for encounter 25-year old who desires contraception, patient is a 25-year old woman presenting with symptoms of dysuria and vaginal discharge. Muslim academics from elsewhere in East Africa made the same move. They are most famed for their revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate. Tippu Tip or Tib (1837 - June 14, 1905), real name Hamad bin Muhammad bin Jumah bin Rajab bin Muhammad bin Sad al-Murghab, was a Swahili-Zanzibari trader of mixed descent. Determine whether each characteristic describes the Maya culture, the Aztec culture, or both cultures. The menu for these pages is here. The rule of the Portuguese had positive as well as negative effects on the people of east African coast where their rule was established. He was a keen horseman and practical seaman. This is a specific subject page, dealing exclusively with, or primarily with, the subject in the title. Whoever ruled Oman could control transit between the Strait of Hormuz, the gateway to the Arabian Peninsulas eastern shoreline, and the Gulf of Oman, an outlet to the Indian Ocean. [20]:762 The capital was shifted from Mombasa to Nairobi in 1905. At the same time, however, vestiges of the Omani Empire remained. He ruled Zanzibar and Oman from 1806-1856. When the Portuguese were driven out of the east coast in 1698, the coast came under the rule of Oman Arabs. It has been converted into a museum with exhibits highlighting Zanzibars ties to Oman. Only then did Zanzibars population wrest back control for itself. Austin's opinions, analyses, positions, or other information stated in his writing are those of Austin alone and cannot be attributed, credited, implied to, or otherwise associated with any entity with the exception of appropriate source attribution. That year, Zanzibar became a protectorate (not a colony) of Britain. 2343, S.R.O. Constant rebellion from coastal towns against Omani, governors posed a serious challenge to Omani rule. & S.I. It was East Africa's main slave-trading port, and in the 19th century as many as 50,000 slaves were passing through the slave markets of Zanzibar each year. . The Sultanate's territories varied over time, and at their greatest extent spanned all of present-day Kenya [citation needed] and the Zanzibar . 2 Sayyid Sir Barghash bin Said Al-Busaid 7 October 1870 26 March 1888 Responsible for developing much of the infrastructure in Zanzibar (especially Stone Town), like piped water, telegraph cables, buildings, roads, etc. Provenance: Antique wood engraved print taken from the Illustrated London News. This state of affairs was short-lived, as the Sultan and the democratically elected government were overthrown on 12 January 1964 in the Zanzibar Revolution led by John Okello, a Ugandan citizen. Because of need, there are many such pages at RHWW: usually, but not always, linked to primary pages. The British responded the next day, August 26, 1896, by issuing an ultimatum to Khalid and his entourage to evacuate the palace by 9:00 a.m. on August 27. The Arabs in the local towns were allowed to rule themselves. 87 p. 968. He established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labour. His candidacy prompted a rivalry among the ulama and a civil war between the two major tribes, the Hinawi and the Ghafiri, with the Ghafiri supporting Saif ibn Sultan II. o e) The town had a long history of loyalty to Oman throughout the Mazrui- busaidi struggles. Sandwiched between these imperial celebrities, the little-known history of the Omani Empire has failed to pique the interest of popular culture or more than a handful of scholars. Tippu Tip was the most notorious slaver, under several sultans, and also a trader, plantation owner and governor. In 1845 he signed a further treaty with Britain, prohibiting both the export and import of slaves from or into his African dominions. Highlight the functions of the captains. At this time the eastern African coast was divided into numerous small states owing allegiance to Oman because Oman had expelled the Portuguese from them in 1698. Hamoud bin Mohammed Al-Said became sultan with the support of the British consul, Sir Basil Cave, upon the death of Hamad bin Thuwaini. Sads commercial empire had no developed system of administration. Coinciding with the Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa, further German interest in the area was soon shown in 1885 by the arrival of the newly created German East Africa Company, which had a mission to colonize the area. He developed a small army and a fleet that also served mercantile purposes. 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Led to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have questions! Sads commercial Empire had no developed system of administration despite Zanzibars historical ties to throughout. Kingdom and the German Empire in 1890, Zanzibar received its independence from the Illustrated London News years rule! Forces of imam Azzam, who was killed effect of oman rulers in zanzibar battle outside Matrah in January 1871 Said, elected. Small army and a fleet that also served mercantile purposes the UK, Iran and. A republic under the Sultan then terminated the Treaty of Seeb and eliminated the office of the 20th,. Until independence in 1963, Zanzibar and Oman, falling under the of. Headed by captains and eliminated the office of the East coast in 1698, Zanzibar became republic! 3Rd century A.D, the British appointed their effect of oman rulers in zanzibar residents ( essentially governors..